The UVF killed 40 people in East Tyrone between 1988 and 1994. 30 July – Martin Malone, an 18-year-old unarmed Catholic civilian, is shot dead by a UDR patrol in the Callan Street area. [211] In response to such claims, the Independent Monitoring Commission (IMC) stated in its tenth report that the IRA had decommissioned all weaponry under its control.

[336] Henry Patterson, professor of politics at the University of Ulster, concludes that while the IRA's campaign was unavoidably sectarian, it did not amount to ethnic cleansing. [400][401] In 2005/6 some Provisional IRA members defected and formed Óglaigh na hÉireann, which became active in 2009. [21] On 30 August 1988, an SAS ambush killed IRA members Gerard Harte, Martin Harte and Brian Mullin as they tried to kill an off-duty Ulster Defence Regiment member near Carrickmore. [398] The Real IRA was formed in November 1997 when senior Provisional IRA members, including quartermaster-general Michael McKevitt, resigned over acceptance of the Mitchell Principles. The IRA ceasefire between 1994 and 1996 made surveillance easier for the RUC and the British Army,[73] leading to the success against the Caraher team. A decade before Nigel McCollum's death, on 19 September 1983, the brothers' grandmother, Lilly McCollum, was killed by a booby trap bomb said to have been meant for her brother, at that time a member of the security forces. [127][128] By July the Army Council was concerned at the progress of the talks, concluding there was no prospect of a lasting peace without a public declaration by the British government of their intent to withdraw from Ireland. [155] Plans for a major escalation of the campaign in the late 1980s were cancelled after a ship carrying 150 tons of weapons donated by Libya was seized off the coast of France. He was married and had nine children. 29 March 1997 - An RUC officer was badly wounded when he was shot by a sniper outside Forkhill joint security base, County Armagh. [298][299][300] The IRA has also been described as a "private army". [330] Of those killed by the IRA, Malcolm Sutton classifies 130 (about 7%) of them as sectarian killings of Protestants. [326] In 2001, three Irishmen, known as the Colombia Three, were arrested and accused training Colombian guerrillas, the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC). [295], American TV news broadcasts tended to describe the Provisional IRA as "activists" and "guerrillas", while British TV news broadcasts commonly used the term "terrorists", particularly the BBC as part of its editorial guidelines published in 1989. [279] Similar changes were made elsewhere in the IRA by 1977, moving away from the larger conventional military organisational principle owing to its security vulnerability. [n 15][251][252] Between 275 and 300 IRA members were killed during the Troubles,[41][42] including over 100 killed by premature explosions of their own bombs. Dates highlighted in bold indicate three or more fatalities. [25] It was the minority faction in the split, while the majority continued as the Official IRA. [78], "At first, we believed it was one unit, one weapon and one trigger man (...) It developed into at least two". Sniper Assault Kills A British Soldier in Belfast", "Three to be interviewed for PSNI chief constable post", "Thousands join peace protest in Greysteel", "Advocacy for Innocent Victims Daily Posts", "Off-duty soldier killed by IRA booby-trap bomb: Car attack follows", Listing of Programmes for the Year: 1993 (BBC News, 26 April 1993 and UTV News, 29 April 1993), "British soldier shot dead – Massive Strabane landmine", "South Armagh Brigade claims sniper attack", Cousin of bomb suspect was top Provo; But gun victim denies being a terrorist, "Militants Angry About Police's Defense Of Protestant March". 15 March 1974: Patrick McDonald (21) and Kevin Murray (27), both. The bomb exploded ten minutes later, destroying the barracks. Compared to other … [374][375] Donaldson, who ran Sinn Féin's operations in New York during the Northern Ireland peace process, was expelled by the party. [196] However, further decommissioning took place on 21 October 2003. [239][240] Premature explosions were another cause of civilian deaths, such as the Remembrance Day bombing which killed eleven people including ten civilians,[241][242] and the Shankill Road bombing which killed ten people including eight civilians. [62] The Battle of the Bogside caused Catholics in Belfast to riot in solidarity with the Bogsiders and to try to prevent RUC reinforcements being sent to Derry, sparking retaliation by Protestant mobs. It was organised into two battalions, one around Jonesborough and another around Crossmaglen.

[190] After the IRA declared a new ceasefire in July 1997, Sinn Féin was admitted into multi-party talks, which produced the Good Friday Agreement in April 1998. [373] In December 2005, Sinn Féin member and former IRA volunteer Denis Donaldson appeared at a press conference in Dublin and confessed to being a British spy since the early 1980s.

[191] The IRA began decommissioning in a process that was monitored by Canadian General John de Chastelain's Independent International Commission on Decommissioning (IICD),[192] with some weapons being decommissioned on 23 October 2001 and 8 April 2002.
They carried out 23 attacks on British Army helicopters during the Troubles, bringing four down on separate occasions: the Gazelle shot down in February 1978 near Jonesborough,[17] a Lynx in June 1988, while in 1994 another Lynx and an RAF Puma were shot down in March and July respectively. [274] Volunteers living in one area formed a company as part of a battalion, which could be part of a brigade,[275] such as the Derry Brigade,[267] South Armagh Brigade,[276] and East Tyrone Brigade. [11], During the 1980s, the IRA relied mostly on weaponry smuggled from Libya. [17] It saw itself as the military force of an all-island Irish Republic, and as the sole legitimate successor to the original IRA from the Irish War of Independence. [49] The truce was strongly resented by South Armagh IRA members. Many men in the area served in the Fourth Northern Division of the Irish Republican Army during the Irish War of Independence (1919–21) and, unlike most of the rest of the Northern Ireland IRA, on the republican side in the Irish Civil War (1922–23). Strabane. Peter Brooke's speech is known as the Whitbread Speech as it was given at the Whitbread Restaurant in London, in front of the British Association of Canned Food Importers & Distributors. [80] A former UDR soldier (David Martin) was killed when an IRA bomb exploded underneath his car in Kildress, County Tyrone in April 1993; it was claimed that he had loyalist connections.
South Armagh, however, where the close rural community and family connections of IRA men diminished the risk of infiltration, retained its larger "battalion" structure. [76] The IRA alleged that Dallas was a senior UVF member[77] but this was denied by his family, the police, and the UVF.

He was the only IPLO member to die while attacking state forces. [173] They delivered the Downing Street Declaration which conceded the right of Irish people to self-determination, but with separate referendums in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. [148] This strategy was known as the "Armalite and ballot box strategy", named after Danny Morrison's speech at the 1981 Sinn Féin ard fheis: Who here really believes that we can win the war through the ballot box? "Gunmen were often described as 'snipers' but very rarely did any terrorist display the skills of a properly trained sniper" (Jackson 2006, paragraph ?). [181] Firstly the IRA had to be willing to agree to "disarm progressively", secondly a scheme for decommissioning had to be agreed, and finally some weapons had to be decommissioned prior to the talks beginning as a confidence building measure. These bases acted as information-gathering centres and also allowed the British Army to patrol South Armagh more securely. Five were bound over. Following the Good Friday Agreement, the "at work" caption inscribed on the sign has intermittently been covered with slogans such as "on hold," "job seeking," and variations thereof. [6] The majority of soldiers shot dead in 1972 (the bloodiest year of the conflict in Northern Ireland) fell victim to IRA snipers. [303][304], An internal British Army document written by General Sir Michael David Jackson and two other senior officers was released in 2007 under the Freedom of Information Act. "Orde visit seen as farewell to Army", by Phillp Bradfield. [92] Loyalist paramilitaries, including the UVF, carried out campaigns aimed at thwarting the IRA's aspirations and maintaining the political union with Britain. [34] An RUC investigation following the latter shooting led to the discovery of one Barrett M82, hidden in a derelict house. [80][81] This resulted in the 1970 Arms Crisis in which criminal charges were pursued against two former government ministers and others including John Kelly, an IRA volunteer from Belfast. [44] His killing, along with the reaction of the MP of his constituency, was covered by the BBC´s Inside Ulster,[45] which also showed Blinco's abandoned helmet and the hole made by the sniper's bullet on the wall of a pub.

The bomb detonated, destroying much of the base and damaging nearby buildings.

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