head of state

Outer Mongolia, the former homeland of the imperial dynasty of Genghis Khan, was another lamaist theocracy from 1585, using various styles, such as tulku. These non-sovereign-state heads, nevertheless, have limited or no role in diplomatic affairs, depending on the status and the norms and practices of the territories concerned. American English : head of state / ˈhɛd əv ˈsteɪt / In Uganda, Idi Amin the military leader after the coup of 25 January 1971 was formally styled military head of state till 21 February 1971, only from then on regular (but unconstitutional, not elected) president. The Sovereignty Council comprises 11 ministers, who together have exercised all governmental functions for Sudan since the fall of President Omar Al-Bashir. Czechoslovakia remained the only country among them that retained an office of president as a form of a single head of state throughout this period, followed by Romania through the creation of that country's presidency by dictator Nicolae Ceausescu in 1974. Neither of the two co-princes of Andorra is resident in Andorra; each is represented in Andorra by a delegate, though these persons hold no formal title. [note 1]. In monarchical states (such as Great Britain, Denmark, Sweden, and Iran) the head of state is a hereditary monarch: an emperor, king, prince, grand duke, padishah, and the like; in bourgeois republics he is an elected president. In some cases, an abdication cannot occur unilaterally, but comes into effect only when approved by an act of parliament, as in the case of British King Edward VIII. [81] After World War II the Soviet model was subsequently adopted by almost all countries belonged to its sphere of influence. Since antiquity, various dynasties or individual rulers have claimed the right to rule by divine authority, such as the Mandate of Heaven and the divine right of kings. The least ceremonial powers held by the president are to appoint the prime minister, to approve the dissolution of the Knesset made by the prime minister, and to pardon criminals or to commute their sentence. In some states, such as the United Kingdom, Belgium and Ireland, the head of state is, in fact, formally considered a tier of the legislature. chief of state. This position may or may not have been held by the de facto Soviet leader at the moment. As one observer remarked, investors do not have confidence because, in their view, it is, dangerous to invest in a country where everything can change from one day to the next by a. Comme le fait remarquer un observateur, les investisseurs n'ont pas confiance car il est, à leurs yeux, dangereux d'investir dans un pays où tout peut changer, du jour au lendemain, sur une. This is not the same as the use of force to maintain power, as is practised by authoritarian or totalitarian rulers. Requête la plus fréquente dans le dictionnaire français : In a monarchy, the sovereign is the head of state. In contrast, a semi-presidential system, such as France, has both heads of state and government as the de facto leaders of the nation (in practice they divide the leadership of the nation between themselves). Regency and guardianship are to be provided by the united Chambers.". In some parliamentary systems, and in some presidential systems, however, the head of state may do so on their own initiative. La traduction est fausse ou de mauvaise qualité. The specific title of the head of state depends [46][51], However, there are provisions in the Vienna Convention that a diplomatic agent of lesser rank, such as a chargé d'affaires, is accredited to the minister of foreign affairs (or equivalent). Weimar Germany, for example, in its constitution provided for a popularly elected president with theoretically dominant executive powers that were intended to be exercised only in emergencies, and a cabinet appointed by him from the Reichstag, which was expected, in normal circumstances, to be answerable to the Reichstag. During the Chinese Cultural Revolution, following the downfall of Liu Shaoqi, who was State Chairman (Chinese President), no successor was named, so the duties of the head of state were transferred collectively to the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress. Le Président, qui est le chef de l'État , n'exerce pas de fonctions exécutives. In many countries, official portraits of the head of state can be found in government offices, courts of law, or other public buildings. The executive branch is thus said to be responsible (or answerable) to the legislature, with the head of government and cabinet in turn accepting constitutional responsibility for offering constitutional advice to the head of state. Primogeniture, in which the eldest child of the monarch is first in line to become monarch, is the most common system in hereditary monarchy. The former king brought this issue, along with property ownership issues, before the European Court of Human Rights for alleged violations of the European Convention on Human Rights, but lost with respect to the name issue.[93][94]. [49][46] The head of state accredits (i.e. by the Minister for Foreign Affairs or by a person authorized by either of them. By 1932, power had shifted to such an extent that the German president, Paul von Hindenburg, was able to dismiss a chancellor and select his own person for the job, even though the outgoing chancellor possessed the confidence of the Reichstag while the new chancellor did not. Effigies, memorials and monuments of former heads of state can be designed to represent the history or aspirations of a state or its people, such as the equestrian bronze sculpture of Kaiser Wilhelm I, first Emperor of a unified Germany[86] erected in Berlin at the end of the nineteenth century; or the Victoria Memorial erected in front of Buckingham Palace London, commemorating Queen Victoria and her reign (1837–1901), and unveiled in 1911 by her grandson, King George V; or the monument, placed in front of the Victoria Memorial Hall, Kolkata (Calcutta) (1921), commemorating Queen Victoria's reign as Empress of India from 1876. In this case the debate centers on confirming them into office, not removing them from office, and does not involve the power to reject or approve proposed cabinet members en bloc, so accountability does not operate in the same sense understood as a parliamentary system. In presidential systems the head of state is the actual, de facto chief executive officer. From the time of the 5th Dalai Lama until the political retirement of the 14th Dalai Lama in 2011, Dalai Lamas were both political and spiritual leaders ("god-king") of Tibet. The most extreme non-executive republican head of state is the president of Israel, which holds no reserve powers whatsoever[citation needed]. The same applies to Australian states, Indian states, etc. In a monarchy, federation, republic, commonwealth or any other form of state, the Head of State serves as an individual who is the chief public representative. ou du ministre des affaires étrangères (le sceau officiel n'est pas suffisant). Germany has a head of state, a president, who is elected by a federal convention. THE FORMER KING CONSTANTINOS OF GREECE AND 8 MEMBERS OF HIS FAMILY v. GREECE, CASE OF THE FORMER KING OF GREECE AND OTHERS v. 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In monarchies with a written constitution, the position of monarch is a creature of the constitution and could quite properly be abolished through a democratic procedure of constitutional amendment, although there are often significant procedural hurdles imposed on such a procedure (as in the Constitution of Spain). Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil: 3rd Edition, National Archives and Records Administration, Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations 1961, "Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations", TREATY ON EUROPEAN UNION (92/C 191/01) aka Maastricht Treaty, Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany, "The Governor General - the evolution of Canada's oldest public institution". However, the symbolic role of a Head of State is generally performed by Kim Jong-un, who as the leader of the party and military, is the most powerful person in North Korea. To a lesser extent, uncertainty has been expressed in Canada as to which officeholder—the monarch, the governor general, or both—can be considered the head of state. The president does, however, hold limited reserve powers, such as referring a bill to the Supreme Court to test its constitutionality, which are used under the president's discretion.[16]. [23] The offices of president of Nauru and president of Botswana are similar in this respect to the South African presidency.[11][24][25]. It was also used as a general term to refer to the leader of a government. As such invitations may be very numerous, such duties are often in part delegated to such persons as a spouse, a head of government or a cabinet minister or in other cases (possibly as a message, for instance, to distance themselves without rendering offence) just a military officer or civil servant. [22] It could be argued that the strengthening of the Prince's powers, vis-a-vis the Landtag (legislature), has moved Liechtenstein into the semi-presidential category. The Crossword Solver finds answers to American-style crosswords, British-style crosswords, general knowledge crosswords and cryptic crossword puzzles. The current head of state, Prince Hans-Adam II, is the 15th Prince of the House of Liechtenstein. During the early period of Islam, caliphs were spiritual and temporal absolute successors of the prophet Mohammed. Head of State n noun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality, etc. In parliamentary constitutional monarchies, the legitimacy of the unelected head of state typically derives from the tacit approval of the people via the elected representatives. Sometimes religion is affected; under the Act of Settlement 1701 all Roman Catholics and all persons who have married Roman Catholics are ineligible to be the British monarch and are skipped in the order of succession. : En sa qualité de chef de l'État, Schreyer est déterminé à exprimer ses idées et à démocratiser la fonction. Antonyms for head of state. Of contemporary terms, a personal union had less government co-ordination than a real union. famine or raising the cost of food in his country by exporting the country's own production. [21] The presidency is officially regarded as an institution of the state rather than an administrative post; theoretically, the President serves at the pleasure of the National People's Congress, the legislature, and is not legally vested to take executive action on its own prerogative. This would be a manifestly absurd result. A head of state has some or all of the roles listed below, often depending on the constitutional category (above), and does not necessarily regularly exercise the most power or influence of governance. [87] Another, twentieth century, example is the Mount Rushmore National Memorial, a group sculpture constructed (1927–1941) on a conspicuous skyline in the Black Hills of South Dakota (40th state of the Union, 1889), in the midwestern United States, representing the territorial expansion of the United States in the first 130 years from its founding, which is promoted as the "Shrine of Democracy".[88][89]. Urban Dictionary: head of state. The post of president was formally replaced on 5 September 1998, for ceremonial purposes, by the office of President of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly, while the party leader's post as chairman of the National Defense Commission was simultaneously declared "the highest post of the state", not unlike Deng Xiaoping earlier in the People's Republic of China. Antonio José Amar y Borbón.jpg 400 × 351; 35 KB. The position of head of state can be established in different ways, and with different sources of legitimacy. Casey Building John McEwen Crescent Barton ACT 0221 Australia. [70][71] This principle was first challenged by a Protestant ruler, Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden and was later maintained by his country at the Congress of Westphalia. [14], Although many constitutions, particularly from the 19th century and earlier, make no explicit mention of a head of state in the generic sense of several present day international treaties, the officeholders corresponding to this position are recognised as such by other countries. Uganda's Idi Amin was one of several who named themselves President for Life. It is usual that the head of state, particularly in parliamentary systems as part of the symbolic role, is the one who opens the annual sessions of the legislature, e.g. A head of state is often empowered to summon and dissolve the country's legislature. Monarchy is the oldest form of government in the United Kingdom. Most presidents in such countries are selected by democratic means (popular direct or indirect election); however, like all other systems, the presidential model also encompasses people who become head of state by other means, notably through military dictatorship or coup d'état, as often seen in Latin American, Middle Eastern and other presidential regimes. However, in most parliamentary systems, the head of state cannot refuse to sign a bill, and, in granting a bill their assent, indicate that it was passed in accordance with the correct procedures. In North Korea, the late Kim Il-sung was named "Eternal President" 4 years after his death and the presidency was abolished. Though president and various monarchical titles are most commonly used for heads of state, in some nationalistic regimes, the leader adopts, formally or de facto, a unique style simply meaning leader in the national language, e.g., Germany's single national socialist party chief and combined head of state and government, Adolf Hitler, as the Führer between 1934 and 1945. Other common representations are on coins, postage and other stamps and banknotes, sometimes by no more than a mention or signature; and public places, streets, monuments and institutions such as schools are named for current or previous heads of state. In Europe the role of a monarchs has gradually transitioned from that of a sovereign ruler—in the sense of Divine Right of Kings as articulated by Jean Bodin, Absolutism and the "L'etat c'est moi"—to that of a constitutional monarch; parallel with the conceptual evolution of sovereignty from merely the personal rule of a single person, to Westphalian sovereignty (Peace of Westphalia ending both the Thirty Years' War & Eighty Years' War) and popular sovereignty as in consent of the governed; as shown in the Glorious Revolution of 1688 in England & Scotland, the French Revolution in 1789, and the German Revolution of 1918–1919. [11][47][48] Note: The head of state in a "presidential" system may not actually hold the title of "president" - the name of the system refers to any head of state who actually governs and is not directly dependent on the legislature to remain in office. ou du ministre des affaires étrangères ou d'une personne habilitée, All these initiatives cemented the credibility underpinning, Toutes ces initiatives ont construit la crédibilité de la. It is notable that some presidential systems, while not providing for collective executive accountability to the legislature, may require legislative approval for individuals prior to their assumption of cabinet office and empower the legislature to remove a president from office (for example, in the United States of America). In these states, there was no formal office of head of state, but rather the leader of the legislative branch was considered to be the closest common equivalent of a head of state as a natural person. In certain cases a special style is needed to accommodate imperfect statehood, e.g., the title Sadr-i-Riyasat was used in Kashmir after its accession to India, and the Palestine Liberation Organization leader, Yasser Arafat, was styled the first "President of the Palestinian National Authority" in 1994. A monarch may retain his style and certain prerogatives after abdication, as did King Leopold III of Belgium, who left the throne to his son after winning a referendum which allowed him to retain a full royal household deprived him of a constitutional or representative role. boell.rs. Even so, it took another nine years before the matter was finally resolved. Dictators often use democratic titles, though some proclaim themselves monarchs. The head of government also heads the ruling party. In other systems there are usually fixed terms, but the head of state retains authority to dissolve the legislature in certain circumstances. 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