why is the ozone layer important?broderson crane ic-200

In fact, several sources estimate that the climate benefits of the Montreal Protocol have been five to six times that of the Kyoto Protocol.16,17. I am a chemistry Teacher. If the ozone of the ozone layer is calibrated to the standard case, its thickness is only about 3 mm on average. Available at: https://www.nature.com/articles/366023a0.pdf. This is highly inconsistent with the expected rate of change which would have resulted in the case that reported emissions to the Montreal Protocol were correct. Ozone layer hole can also cause a significant increase in temperatures. This book concentrates on the protection of stratospheric ozone and prevention of ground-level ozone formation; applications of its strong oxidizing properties in the treatment of water, wastewater and sludge; odor and color removal; uses ... The most concentrated part is located at an altitude of 20-25 kilometers. Some alternatives are organic compounds that do not contain F and Cl, such as refined petroleum gas and dimethyl ether, alkanes, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and so on. fully complied with, the ozone layer over mid-latitudes and the Arctic is Annual change in atmospheric CFC-11 concentrations, Change in the consumption of ozone-depleting substances, Consumption of Ozone-Depleting Substances, Countries subscribed to the Montreal Protocol, Equivalent stratospheric chorine (ESC) concentrations, Excess skin cancer cases due to ozone depletion, Measured and expected atmospheric concentrations of CFC-11, Number of parties in multilateral environmental agreements, Stratospheric ozone concentration projections, Subscriptions to the Montreal Protocol by region, been most severe due to very low temperatures, provides the unique temperature and chemical conditions, Ozone Secretariat Scientific Assessment Panel, http://ozone.unep.org/en/handbook-vienna-convention-protection-ozone-layer/2205, https://www.un.org/en/events/ozoneday/background.shtml, http://ozone.unep.org/en/handbook-montreal-protocol-substances-deplete-ozone-layer/27571, https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/2017GL074830, https://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/arep/gaw/ozone_2014/documents/2014%20Twenty%20Questions_Final.pdf, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0106-2, https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2009JD012219, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/016041209190333L, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1046/j.1440-1711.2001.01047.x, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1751-1097.2012.01223.x, https://www.nature.com/articles/366023a0.pdf, http://science.sciencemag.org/content/335/6071/922, http://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/104/12/4814.full.pdf. In the chart we see the evolution of global parties signing on to the Vienna Convention. The map illustrates how likely it may be for a particular area to experience air quality advisories for ozone. Without it, life on earth would not be possible! The lower layer of the atmosphere that immediately surrounds the Earth is called the troposphere. Regarding the causes of the change and destruction of the ozone layer, it is generally believed that changes in the intensity of solar radiation caused by solar activity, changes in atmospheric temperature and pressure fields caused by atmospheric motion, and the movement and transport of chemical components related to ozone generation will all affect the photochemistry of ozone Equilibrium affects the concentration and distribution of ozone. The sun propagates ultraviolet radiations which as an adverse effect on living beings. Montzka et al. The ozone in the stratosphere has two opposite effects on climate regulation. The impact of ozone in the troposphere (as a local air pollutant) is instead covered in our entry on Air Pollution. “The ozone hole in Antarctica continued to expand from 1994 to 1996. can absorb sunlight. In the table we list the range of ozone-depleting substances (ODS) with their corresponding ozone depleting potential (ODP) per tonne (measured relative to CFC-11 which is equal to 1); their global warming potential (GWP) and atmospheric lifetime (in years). The study estimates that by 2030, two million cases worldwide will be avoided per year as a result of ODS reduction from the Montreal Protocol and its later revisions. (2018) reported that since 2012 there had been an unexpected increase in emissions of trichlorofluoromethane (CFC-11), a historically dominant source of ozone-depleting substances, since 2012. It absorbs UV radiation, preventing most of it from reaching us on the ground. The smell, hence the name ozone. The ozone in the atmosphere can be consumed and destroyed by reacting with many substances. Ozone content varies with latitude, season, and weather. This research shows us there is still a disconnect with the facts, and that this was an issue on top of the depletion of the ozone. It’s projected that Antarctic ozone concentrations will only begin to approach 1960 levels by the end of the century. In the chart we see average stratospheric ozone concentrations in the Southern Hemisphere (where ozone depletion has been most severe) from 1979 to 2017. The most urgent story of our times, brilliantly reframed, beautifully told: how we had the chance to stop climate change, and failed. When one of these radicals strikes an ozone molecule, O 3, the radical tears away one of ozone's oxygen atoms . Patient Exposure and the Air Quality Index. Geophysical Research Letters, 45(1), 382-390. ozone depletion, gradual thinning of Earth's ozone layer in the upper atmosphere caused by the release of chemical compounds containing gaseous chlorine or bromine from industry and other human activities. According to the latest data from the executive director of the United Nations Environment Program, Achim Steiner, the ozone layer may be recovered in the middle of this century, but it still needs the joint efforts of all countries. As shown in following section, subsequent amendments were been critical in the Protocol’s success in reducing ODS consumption. Slaper, H., G. J. M. Velders, J. S. Daniel, F. R. de Gruijl and J. C. van der Leun (1996) Estimates of ozone depletion and skin cancer incidence to examine the Vienna convention achievements. This factor alone explains the concentration of ozone depletion at the poles rather than at lower latitudes. ozone layer has three main functions. How much of an impact will recent emissions of CFC-11 have on ozone layer recovery? The overall picture is clear: The Montreal Protocol reduced use of ozone-depleting chemicals and will lead to healing of the ozone layer. These reactions have traditionally been viewed as depending upon the presence of heat and sunlight, resulting in higher ambient ozone concentrations in summer months. Decline in Antarctic ozone depletion and lower stratospheric chlorine determined from Aura Microwave Limb Sounder observations. Ozone is very fragile because of its special properties and its susceptibility to various factors. Skin Cancer Risks Avoided by the Montreal Protocol—Worldwide Modeling Integrating Coupled Climate‐Chemistry Models with a Risk Model for UV. In the lower atmosphere (the troposphere) near the Earth's surface, ozone is created by chemical reactions between air . An ODP of 10, for example, is ten times as effective in depleting ozone per tonne, than an ODP of 1. The multilateral treaty to phase out ozone-depleting substances has, by healing the hole in the ozone layer, protected human health, economies and ecosystems. It is also formed in smaller cities like Raleigh, NC and Cincinnati, OH, and it is transported hundreds of miles downwind from where it is created to affect ambient air quality in other urban and rural areas. This transition reflects the substitution of CFCs with HCFCs in order to reducing total ozone depletion. Ozone formation is not limited to big cities like Los Angeles, Houston, Atlanta, and New York City. The cause of this phenomenon also comes from the high distribution of ozone. Ozone Depletion 101. This means that despite reductions in ODS emissions (and eventually complete phase-out of these substances), equivalent stratospheric chlorine (ESC) concentrations are expected to remain higher than 1960 levels through to the end of the century. Due to this effect, the atmospheric temperature structure has a peak at a height of about 50km, and a warming layer exists 15 to 50km above the earth. This occurs for only 1-2 months in Arctic regions, but across 5 to 6 months in Antarctica through winter and early spring. However, HFCs have a large global-warming potential (as shown in the table in the Data Definitions section); and could begin to cancel out climate benefits made by the rapid reduction of CFCs and HCFCs in recent decades.21. This layer acts as a protective shield by blocking harmful UV rays emitted from the sun from reaching the earth's surface. [The Kyoto Protocol was the international treaty for the United Nations Framework for Climate Change adopted in 1997, specifically designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions]. Clydesdale, G. J., Dandie, G. W., & Muller, H. K. (2001). Concentrations of ozone-depleting substances in the atmosphere are determined by the stock of substances, in addition to the balance of inputs and outputs over time. JavaScript appears to be disabled on this computer. The important aspect to note here that this relates to the production or release of new/recent substances. The latest research results using animal experiments and human epidemiological data show that if the ozone concentration drops by 10%, the incidence of non-malignant dermatomes will increase by 26%. During the descent, as the temperature changes (rises), the ozone instability becomes more and more obvious. Here we see that the largest increases in UV irradiation have been at high latitudes — particularly in the South Hemisphere. Ozone depletion has been most severe over Antarctica because it provides the unique temperature and chemical conditions for effective ozone destruction by halogen gases.10. The book opens with a brief explanation of the causes of climate change and stratospheric ozone depletion followed by an overview of recent European and global initiatives aimed at monitoring trends and assessing their impact on health. international efforts to protect the ozone layer have continued for more than Within the last decade, however, high ozone concentrations have also been observed under specific circumstances in cold months, where a few high elevation areas in the Western U.S. with high levels of local VOC and NOx emissions have formed ozone when snow is on the ground and temperatures are near or below freezing. These ultraviolet rays can harm both plant and animal life. Such studies also attempt to quantify the number of skin cancer cases avoided as a result of international action through the Montreal Protocol to reduce ODS consumption. Significant sources are power plants, industrial furnaces and boilers, and motor vehicles. Also shown is the WMO 2014 projections/expectations of the rate of change in concentration based on reported emissions to the Montreal Protocol (shown as the dashed line). In red/orange we show the actual trends in ozone-depleting substances, with the very obvious impact of the implementation of the Montreal Protocol on the reduction of GHG emissions and plateauing of radiative forcing. In the chart we see the annual change (in percent) of measured concentrations of CFC-11 (shown as the solid line). The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) publishes these estimates on multi-year timeframes. This paper describes the country programs in general and reviews the work and results of key analysts who carried out these programs in the former Czechoslovakia, Egypt, India, Jordan, Thailand, Tunisia, Turkey, and Zimbabwe. Using the ‘play’ button on the map allows you to view changes across the world since 1989. Why Carbon Cycle is Important || How it Works. Reactive halogen gases can then destroy stratospheric ozone, resulting in depletion of the ozone layer. The ozone layer is the part of the Earth's upper atmosphere where ozone, a form of oxygen gas, is found. Its symbol is 0 3 because it is made of three oxygen atoms. However, a 2018 study published in Nature reported “an unexpected and persistent increase in global emissions of ozone-depleting CFC-11”.7. In the stratosphere, ozone molecules play an important role - absorbing ultraviolet radiation from the Sun and shielding Earth from dangerous rays.But in the troposphere, near ground-level, ozone molecules are both air pollutants, threatening the health of living things, and greenhouse gases, trapping heat and contributing to climate change.. A small amount of ozone does occur naturally at . A layer of ozone in the upper atmosphere absorbs UV radiation and prevents most of it from reaching the Earth. This book sheds light on the intricacy of the situation and its portants. The book will be useful to students and researchers looking for a current overview of the ozone hole problem. div In the chart we see the maximum and mean ozone hole area over Antarctica, measured in square kilometres (km2). These are mapped from assumptions of no international protocol, the first Montreal treaty in 1987, followed by subsequent revisions of increasing ambition. Stratospheric ozone depletion is a concern because the ozone layer in the stratosphere keeps 95-99% of the suns ultraviolet radiation from striking the earth. When oxygen molecules in the atmosphere (containing 21%) are irradiated with short wave ultraviolet rays, the oxygen molecules will be decomposed into atomic states. The furthest layer, the mesosphere, is found roughly 50 km to 80 km above sea level. Emissions of ODS result from the production/consumption of new materials or products, but they can also occur in the absence of new production. It will therefore take many decades for full recovery as substances are removed. In this container over 50% of the lower stratospheric ozone is destroyed. Giuliana: More chlorine radicals. Its purpose was to phase-out (reduce and eventually eliminate) the use of man-made ozone-depleting substances for protection of the ozone layer. Especially in forests, mountains, and coasts where air pollution is light, there are more ultraviolet rays and there is relatively abundant ozone. Far above Earth's surface, the ozone layer helps to protect life from harmful ultraviolet radiation. Velders, G. J., Andersen, S. O., Daniel, J. S., Fahey, D. W., & McFarland, M. (2007). If this level of ozone is reduced, it will generate power to reduce the ground temperature. However, areas downwind of major sources of VOC and NOx may experience ozone peaks in the afternoon and evening, after wind has carried ozone and its VOC and NOx precursors many miles from their sources. The ultraviolet rays with a wavelength below 306.3nm are mainly a part of UV-B (wavelength 290-300nm) and all UV-C (wavelength <290nm =, which protects humans, animals and plants on the earth from short-wave ultraviolet rays. The bulk of the book is then devoted to 15 detailed case studies of striking policy successes from around the world, including Singapore's public health system, Copenhagen and Melbourne's rise from stilted backwaters to the highly liveable ... Available at: https://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/arep/gaw/ozone_2014/documents/2014%20Twenty%20Questions_Final.pdf. The stratosphere is where you'll find the very important ozone layer. At the top of the troposphere, 12 miles high, ozone acts as a greenhouse gas, trapping heat. The greenhouse gas emissions averted as a result of the reduction in ODSs is substantial: it’s estimated that without the Montreal Protocol, radiative forcing from ODSs could have reached 0.60 to 0.65 W/m2 in 2010 which was approximately 35 percent that of CO2 emissions.19, GHG emissions from ODSs in 2010 could have reached approximately 10 billion tonnes of CO2-equivalents (which would have been five times the annual target of the Kyoto Protocol for the 2008-2012 period).20. In correlating chemical pollution tracers and CFC-11 emissions, the authors suggest there is strong evidence that the source of increased CFC-11 emissions is Eastern Asia. Science, 335(6071), 922-923. albino x albino a) 1/4 chinchilla, 3/4, agouti b) 3/4 albino, 1/4 chinchilla c) all albino In the chart, we also see the see stratospheric ozone concentrations relative to 1960 (1960 = 0). Montzka et al. Estimating Mortality Risk Reduction and Economic Benefits from Controlling Ozone Air Pollution details the committee's findings and posits several recommendations to address these issues. These reactions convert the inactive chlorine reservoir chemicals into more active forms, especially chlorine gas (Cl 2).When the sunlight returns to the South Pole in October, UV light rapidly breaks the bond between the two chlorine atoms, releasing free chlorine into the stratosphere, where it takes part in reactions that destroy ozone molecules while regenerating the . To understand ozone layer, it would be helpful to know the different layers of the atmosphere. This means HFC emissions have increased notably in recent years. On September 10, 2014, the World Meteorological Organization and the United Nations Environment Programme released a report saying that the earth’s ozone layer is expected to be restored in the next few decades. There isn't much of it, but ozone is powerful, able to block the most harmful radiation. Dijk et al. The map's color key is based on the categories of the Air Quality Index (AQI) (see Patient Exposure and the Air Quality Index). The ozone layer absorbs around 97-99% of the medium-frequency ultraviolet light emitted by the sun. Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/016041209190333L. (2013)  quantified the total number of cases of skin cancer avoided as a result of the Montreal Protocol and its subsequent amendments.14. The Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer. According to analysis, a 1% reduction in stratospheric ozone will increase the incidence of cataracts worldwide by 0.6-0.8%. Ozone layer (highest concentration of ozone in the atmosphere) The ozone layer is a thin layer of the stratosphere made of a gas called ozone. 1. Science, 22.10.2021 02:15, calmaaprilgrace Why is the ozone layer important is sustaining Indicate the coat color and the proportion of offspring with that color for each of the following crosses of rabbits. However, even under the initial Montreal Protocol, and subsequent London (1990) amendment, reduction controls and targets would have been too relaxed to have resulted in a reduction in ODS emissions. However, in some regions of the world where infectious diseases have a greater impact on human health and people with inadequate immune functions, increased UV-B radiation has a significant impact on the suppression of immune responses. In this entry we present the data on ozone layer depletion, signs of recovery, emissions of ozone-depleting substances, international agreement and collaboration, and the consequences of ozone layer depletion. Climate Change Science: An Analysis of Some Key Questions, a new report by a committee of the National Research Council, characterizes the global warming trend over the last 100 years, and examines what may be in store for the 21st century ... The index gives assess to important keywords and relevant information spread thoughout the contents of the book. The textbook will certainly be useful to teachers, lecturers and their students at university and college level. The U.S. Climate Change Science Program is in the process of producing 21 draft assessments that investigate changes in the Earth's climate and related systems. The primary role of the Vienna Convention, Montreal Protocol and its subsequent revisions was to protect depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer. It has improved following a ban on the use of CFCs. Satellite observations show that since the 1970s, the total amount of global ozone has decreased significantly. If the reduction of the ozone concentration in the entire stratosphere is uniform, the above two effects can cancel each other out, but if the ozone layer concentration decreases in different regions of the stratosphere are inconsistent, the two effects will not cancel each other out. The data presented is measured relative to concentrations in 1960 (where 1960 is equal to 0). All of our charts can be embedded in any site. And these radicals run amok in the ozone layer. We will always indicate the original source of the data in our documentation, so you should always check the license of any such third-party data before use and redistribution. Approximately 90 percent of the atmosphere's ozone occurs from 10-18 km (6-11 miles) to about 50 km (about 30 miles) above Earth's surface. Although plants have developed protective mechanisms against high levels of UV-8, experimental studies have shown that they have very different strain capacities for increased levels of wavelengths from 280 to 320 nanometers. Ozone layer thickness declined, and the Antarctic ozone hole grew substantially from the 1980s through to the early 2000s. On September 12, 2014, NASA scientist Paul Newman, responsible for ozone level assessment in the past four years, said that from 2000 to 2013, ozone levels at 50 km altitude in the mid-north latitudes had risen by 4%. Ozone Depletion 101. The ozone is between the stratosphere and the mesosphere. The ozone layer is referred to as a specific region in the Earth's stratosphere that acts as a shield against the incoming ultraviolet rays of the sun. What is the ozone layer and why is it important? The ozone formed is about 50 billion tons per year. Actions based on the protocol and related agreements have succeeded in reducing the atmospheric abundance of gases such as CFCs and halons that have been used in products such as refrigerators, sprayers, insulating foam and fire extinguishers. In addition, research work on the recovery and decomposition of HCFCs is also ongoing. Thanks to the measures adopted in the Montreal Protocol, the ozone layer is recovering. About 90% of the ozone in our atmosphere is contained in the stratosphere, the region from about 10 to 50-km (32,000 to 164,000 feet) above Earth's surface. Emissions do not necessarily equate to production/consumption of these materials; in our section on Data Quality & Definitions we explain the distinction between these two measures. A family reference work containing alphabetically arranged articles, with charts, maps, and photographs, covering physical and human geography. Full recovery is, however, expected to take until (at least) the second half is this century (as described in the entry below). The oxygen atom is extremely unstable and easily reacts with other substances. Shown in the chart is the level of natural emissions (which has been approximately consistent over this period), and total emissions which is the sum of natural and man-made emissions. Nitrogen oxides result primarily from high temperature combustion. The book, written by leading experts in the field, brings the reader the most recent research in this area and fills the gap between advanced textbooks and assessments. The entries are arranged alphabetically, for easy access, and the subject and author indices are comprehensive and extensive. Geochemistry applies chemical techniques and approaches to understanding the Earth and how it works. Ultraviolet is harmful to the human body. There are a significant number of ODS, including chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), methyl chloride and bromide, and halons. substitutes. Following a 28% rise in 1987, we see a rapid consumption in global emissions. An unexpected and persistent increase in global emissions of ozone-depleting CFC-11. One of those layers, the stratosphere, stretches 15 to 50 kilometers (10 to 31 miles) above Earth's surface. This volume provides the authoritative and comprehensive history of the whole process from the earliest warning signs to the present. Grades. This layer absorbs the radiations and prohibits them from entering the outer surface of the earth. You have the permission to use, distribute, and reproduce these in any medium, provided the source and authors are credited. The blue area therefore represents the estimated quantity of GHG or radiative forcing averted as a result of the Montreal Protocol. Surface measurements and satellite observations confirm that ozone isn't declining in our atmosphere anymore, so the Montreal Protocol is working. Immunology and Cell Biology, 79(6), 547. Ozone depletion begins, and the ozone "hole" appears. First, it absorbs UV light, reducing human exposure to harmful UV radiation that causes skin cancer and cataracts. Find out what caused the ozone hole, and how the 1989 Montreal Protocol sought to put an end to ozone depletion. The ozone layer, which lies high in the atmosphere, shields us from harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays that come from the Sun. For many substances, this timeframe is on the scale of decades (up to a century). This is measured as the global average, as well as concentrations Antarctic and Artic zones. A large part of the reason why it's not is due to the ozone layer, or lack of one. The ozone layer is recovering. The third is the effect of greenhouse gases. This was further supported by data from the Mauna Loa Observatory (MLO) in Hawaii, which also provide measurements of other chemical emissions. atmosphere are most important to life. Official websites use .gov Chemistry of the Ozone Layer . Nonetheless, the capacity to identify where atmospheric concentrations and reported emissions are inconsistent is an important step in itself; it makes it clear that our measurement infrastructure does not allow misreporting to go unnoticed. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). Our articles and data visualizations rely on work from many different people and organizations. According to a report by MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), since the year 2000, the moment at which the ozone concentration fell to its lowest in history, the hole has reduced by four million square kilometres. As we see, actual and expected concentration changes map closely over the period up to 2011. On the other hand, as the amount of ultraviolet radiation radiated to the ground increases, the planet will become warmer and warmer. The report states that if the Montreal Protocol is Life as we know it wouldn't be possible without this layer of . Available at: http://ozone.unep.org/en/handbook-vienna-convention-protection-ozone-layer/2205. Ozone concentrations are measured in Dobson Units (DU): this is number of molecules of ozone that would be required to create a layer of pure ozone 0.01 millimeters thick at a temperature of 0 degrees Celsius and a pressure of 1 atmosphere. Hello Friends, My name is Sanjay Bhandari. ODP tonnes attempt to standardise and correct for the differences in the potential ozone destruction across different substances. In the First World War, ozone was used to treat gangrene and trench foot and to disinfect wounds. However, through the 2000s we have seen a rising dominance of hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs); in 2014 HCFCs accounted for 94 percent of global consumption. Therefore, the ozone layer is like an umbrella to protect the life on the earth. All visualizations, data, and code produced by Our World in Data are completely open access under the Creative Commons BY license. In order to protect the Ozone Secretariat. Tropospheric or ground-level ozone – what we breathe – is formed primarily from photochemical reactions between two major classes of air pollutants, volatile organic compounds (VOC) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). In the chart we see the breakdown of consumption by substance. However, the Copenhagen (1992) and its subsequent revisions greatly increased controls and ambition in global commitments, leading to a peak in stratospheric concentrations in the early 2000s and projected declines in the decades to follow. One of the first studies to attempt to quantify excess skin cancer cases, despite being published in the 1990s correlates well with results from recent studies.15. Atmospheric concentrations of CFC-11 have been measured and tracked back to the 1990s via air collection and analysis with automated onsite instrumentation, such as with gas chromatography coupled with electron capture detection (GC–ECD). After the formation of ozone, its specific gravity is higher than that of oxygen, and it will gradually descend to the bottom of the ozone layer. Note that, as with other measures throughout this entry, each substance has been weighted by its potential to destroy ozone. Strahan, S. E., & Douglass, A. R. (2018). The ozone layer is composed of 3 atoms of oxygen and is represented as O3. Ozone depletion (and the subsequent increase in UV-B irradiation, as discussed above), can increase negative health impacts such as skin cancer, and other implications such as sunburn and skin ageing.12,13. What impact has man-made ODS emissions had on stratospheric ozone concentrations? The ozone is a protective layer that occurs naturally in the stratosphere, 6 to 28 miles in altitude. Human responses toâ€"and forcing ofâ€"projected global change. This book offers a comprehensive overview of global change research to date and provides a framework for answering urgent questions. The ozone layer is on the road to recovery. Where ozone is formed, peak concentrations usually occur during afternoon hours, when sunlight is the most intense. assume all are homozygous. Here's Why the Fight Against Climate Change Is Different. Please consult our full legal disclaimer. Over the last few decades we have seen a dramatic decline in emissions of ozone-depleting substances. Learn what CFCs are, how they have contributed to the ozone hole, and how the 1989 Montreal Protocol sought to put an end to ozone depletion. Establish international and national legal This is shown across latitudes (extending from -60° (South) to 60° (North), with each line representing the change for a given wavelength of UV irradiation. Through the first decade this trend largely stabilized and we now see initial signs of recovery.
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