From 21 March, the Central Committee of the National Guard banned the major pro-Versailles newspapers, Le Gaulois and Le Figaro. The hostages were shot from all directions, then beaten with rifle butts and stabbed with bayonets. New!! By April, as MacMahon's forces steadily approached Paris, divisions arose within the Commune about whether to give absolute priority to military defence, or to political and social freedoms and reforms. Smashed. While clear that Communards set some of the fires, the reports of women participating in it was overly exaggerated at the time. "[78], The Richelieu library of the Louvre, connected to the Tuileries, was also set on fire and entirely destroyed. Several of the other Commune leaders, including Brunel, were wounded, and Pyat had disappeared. Paris was the traditional home of French radical movements. At about 5:30 on 18 March, the angry crowd of national guardsmen and deserters from Lecomte's regiment at Rue des Rosiers seized Clément-Thomas, beat him with rifle butts, pushed him into the garden, and shot him repeatedly. On 14 May, Rigault proposed to exchange 70 hostages for the extreme-left leader, and Thiers again refused. Arthur Lehning, Michel Bakounine. MacMahon had his headquarters at the Quai d'Orsay. On 10 June, when the Commune was finished, Flaubert wrote to Sand:[106]. In 2021, Paris commemorated the 150th anniversary of the Commune with "a series of exhibitions, lectures and concerts, plays and poetry readings" lasting from March through May. By 30 March, less than two weeks after the Army's Montmartre rout, it began skirmishing with the National Guard on the outskirts of Paris. [77] Bergeret sent a message to the Hotel de Ville: "The last vestiges of royalty have just disappeared. Victor Hugo blamed Thiers for his short-sightedness. The Commune counts on you, count on the Commune![73]. In the first round of the 1869 parliamentary elections held under the French Empire, 4,438,000 had voted for the Bonapartist candidates supporting Napoleon III, while 3,350,000 had voted for the republican opposition. Comité historique du centre-est, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Université de Clermont-Ferrand I, Université des sciences sociales de Grenoble, Université de Lyon II, Université Jean Moulin, Université de Saint-Étienne, Centre universitaire de Savoie, Cahiers d'histoire - volumes 24 à 25, 1979. They also wanted a more "just" way of managing the economy, if not necessarily socialist, summed up in the popular appeal for "la république démocratique et sociale!" In July 1793, the revolution was at its lowest ebb. Thiers' government in Versailles urged Parisians to abstain from voting. [4] Jacques Rougerie, who had earlier accepted the 20,000 figure, wrote in 2014, "the number ten thousand victims seems today the most plausible; it remains an enormous number for the time. They had learned the tactics of street fighting and simply tunnelled through the walls of houses to outflank the Communards' barricades. Fernand Rude, De la guerre à la Commune, Éditions Anthropos, 1972, 611 pages. The men of the Hotel de Ville could not be other than assassins and arsonists. When the armed people came out into the streets, the rulers fled away, the troops evacuated the town, the civil servants hurriedly retreated to Versailles carrying everything they could wit… "Yes" votes totalled 557,996, while 62,638 voted "no". "[110] But on 1 June, when the fighting was over, his tone had changed, "The court martials are still meeting and the summary executions continue, less numerous, it's true. As a consequence, there were many different (and often vague) ideas of what the Commune should stand for, whose interests it should serve, what institutional or procedural form it should have, and who was to lead it and how. When the voting was finished, 233,000 Parisians had voted, out of 485,000 registered voters, or forty-eight percent. The ministers and officials of the Bolshevik government were given the title Commissar, which was borrowed directly from the Commissaires of the Commune. The Women's Union also participated in several municipal commissions and organised cooperative workshops. Dombrowski reported that the soldiers he had sent to defend the ramparts of the city between Point du Jour and Porte d'Auteuil had retreated to the city; he had only 4,000 soldiers left at la Muette, 2,000 at Neuilly, and 200 at Asnieres and Saint Ouen. The sound of firing squads, which one still hears in the mournful city, atrociously prolongs the nightmare ... Paris is sick of executions. Empress Eugénie, the acting Regent, fled the city, and the government of the Second Empire swiftly collapsed. The Paris Commune was formed on the heels of an armistice signed between the Third Republic of France and the Prussians, which had laid siege to the city of Paris from September 1870 through January 1871. Proposed by Henri Rochefort, editor of the Le Mot d'Ordre, on 6 April, it had not been voted upon by the Commune until 10 May. Shots were fired from the Hôtel de Ville, one narrowly missing Trochu, and the demonstrators crowded into the building, demanding the creation of a new government, and making lists of its proposed members. ...Those who burn and who massacre merit no other justice than the gunshot of a soldier. At the beginning of May, 20 percent of the National Guard was reported absent without leave. [8], The Commune resulted in part from growing discontent among the Paris workers. Under the decree, any person accused of complicity with the Versailles government could be immediately arrested, imprisoned and tried by a special jury of accusation. The war with Prussia, initiated by Napoleon III in July, was initially met with patriotic fervour.[13]. Gustave Cluseret, the commander of the National Guard until his dismissal on 1 May, had tried to impose more discipline in the army, disbanding many unreliable units and making soldiers live in barracks instead of at home. A specific demand was that Paris should be self-governing with its own elected council, something enjoyed by smaller French towns but denied to Paris by a national government wary of the capital's unruly populace. Others were socialists, but not owing special loyalty to Marx. Two days later Parisian workers led by Auguste Blanqui invaded the National Assembly and demanded an end to the Empire. ", The elections of 26 March elected a Commune council of 92 members, one for every 20,000 residents. "[104] Soon after the Commune began, Gustave Flaubert wrote to Sand, "Austria did not go into Revolution after Sadowa, nor Italy after Novara, nor Russia after Sebastopol! Hugo, Victor, Choses vues, 1870–1885. The soldiers captured 42 guardsmen and several women, took them to the same house on Rue Rosier where generals Clement-Thomas and Lecomte had been executed, and shot them. Indeed, the Commune's vision of a communal France based on a federation of delegates bound by imperative mandates issued by their electors and subject to recall at any moment echoed Bakunin's and Proudhon's ideas (Proudhon, like Bakunin, had argued in favour of the 'implementation of the binding mandate' in 1848 ... and for federation of communes). The Council members (who were not "representatives" but delegates, subject in theory to immediate recall by their electors) were expected to carry out many executive and military functions as well as their legislative ones. Rumours circulated that he had accepted a million francs to give up the city. They ransom, they threaten, they arrest, they judge. A separate and more formal trial was held beginning 7 August for the Commune leaders who survived and had been captured, including Théophile Ferré, who had signed the death warrant for the hostages, and the painter Gustave Courbet, who had proposed the destruction of the column in Place Vendôme. Gallimard (1972). After an official of the commune is killed, anti-government prisoners kept in the basements of the Papal Palace are massacred. Following the example set by Brunel, guardsmen set fire to dozens of other buildings on Rue Saint-Florentin, Rue de Rivoli, Rue de Bac, Rue de Lille, and other streets. [66] One of these officers was General Jaroslav Dombrowski, a former Imperial Russian Army officer, who was appointed commander of the Commune forces on the right bank of the Seine. Barricades had not been prepared in advance; some nine hundred barricades were built hurriedly out of paving stones and sacks of earth. [87], On the afternoon of 26 May, after six hours of heavy fighting, the regular army captured the Place de la Bastille. On 8 October, several thousand soldiers from the National Guard, led by Eugène Varlin of the First International, marched to the centre chanting 'Long Live the Commune! Most electors in France were rural, Catholic and conservative, and this was reflected in the results; of the 645 deputies assembled in Bordeaux on February, about 400 favoured a constitutional monarchy under either Henri, Count of Chambord (grandson of Charles X) or Prince Philippe, Count of Paris (grandson of Louis Philippe). General Cissey resumed the intense bombardment of the fort. remission of rents owed for the entire period of the siege (during which payment had been suspended); granting of pensions to the unmarried companions and children of national guardsmen killed in active service; free return by pawnshops of all workmen's tools and household items, valued up to 20 francs, pledged during the siege; postponement of commercial debt obligations, and the abolition of interest on the debts; prohibition of fines imposed by employers on their workmen. "[113] Anarchist Mikhail Bakunin was a strong supporter of the Commune. [152] The convicts included many Communards, including Henri de Rochefort and Louise Michel. One of the last remaining strongpoints of the National Guard was the cemetery of Père-Lachaise, defended by about 200 men. At the beginning of April, he moved to Brussels to take care of the family of his son, who had just died. At the end of the war, 400 obsolete muzzle-loading bronze cannons, paid for by the Paris public via a subscription, remained in the city. There were an equal number of more radical republicans, including Jules Favre and Jules Ferry, who wanted a republic without a monarch, and who felt that signing the peace treaty was unavoidable. The working class and immigrants suffered the most from the lack of industrial activity due to the war and the siege; they formed the bedrock of the Commune's popular support. The garrison of one barricade, at Chaussee Clignancourt, was defended in part by a battalion of about thirty women, including Louise Michel, the celebrated "Red Virgin of Montmartre", who had already participated in many battles outside the city. [8], During the war and the siege of Paris, various members of the middle- and upper-classes departed the city; at the same time there was an influx of refugees from parts of France occupied by the Germans. [citation needed], Socialist movements, such as the First International, had been growing in influence with hundreds of societies affiliated to it across France. A Quick History of the Paris Commune Revolution If you know anything about the history of France, you know that the country is no stranger to revolutions. He was attorney general of the Commune, where he was behind a number of executions during the Commune’s final days. In the evening the Third Republic was proclaimed. [11], The killing of journalist Victor Noir incensed Parisians, and the arrests of journalists critical of the Emperor did nothing to quiet the city. Soon after the Paris Commune took power in Paris, revolutionary and socialist groups in several other French cities tried to establish their own communes. Paule Minck opened a free school in the Church of Saint Pierre de Montmartre and ran the Club de la Victoire in the Church of Saint-Sulpice on the Left Bank. When the news reached Paris the next day, shocked and angry crowds came out into the streets. In December temperatures dropped to −15 °C (5 °F), and the Seine froze for three weeks. [111], Anarchists participated actively in the establishment of the Paris Commune. By four o'clock in the morning, sixty thousand soldiers had passed into the city and occupied Auteuil and Passy.[70]. The Commune enacted policies to reduce the monstrous levels of social inequality created by the French capitalist regime and to rally the working people of France and Europe to its side. The Commune appointed Charles Beslay as the Commissaire of the Bank of France, and he arranged for the Bank to loan the Commune 400,000 francs a day. However, particularly at this moment of commemoration, he also deserves recognition as a notable participant in the Paris Commune, and as one of the most important interpreters of that world-historical event. Six demonstrators were killed, and the army cleared the square. The German Chancellor demanded the cession of all of Alsace, parts of Lorraine, and enormous reparations. On 24 May, a delegation of national guardsmen and Gustave Genton, a member of the Committee of Public Safety, came to the new headquarters of the Commune at the city hall of the 11th arrondissment and demanded the immediate execution of the hostages held at the prison of La Roquette. The first serious fighting took place on the afternoon of the 22nd, an artillery duel between regular army batteries on the Quai d'Orsay and the Madeleine, and National Guard batteries on the terrace of the Tuileries Palace. The trial of Gustave Cluseret, the former commander, was still going on at the Commune when they received the message from General Dombrowski that the army was inside the city. Lessons of the Paris Commune, established 46 years earlier, laid the groundwork for the 1917 Russian Revolution, an … Numerous organisations were set up during the siege in the localities (quartiers) to meet social needs, such as canteens and first-aid stations. While carrying back the laundry she was given by the guardsmen, she carried away the body of her lover, Jean Guy, who was a butcher's apprentice. On 5 May, he was appointed commander of the Commune's whole army. Tombs, Robert, "How Bloody was la Semaine sanglante of 1871? The Commune began by establishing nine commissions, similar to those of the National Assembly, to manage the affairs of Paris. On the same day, having had little success fighting the army, units of national guardsmen began to take revenge by burning public buildings symbolising the government. High religious officials had been arrested: Archbishop Darboy, the Vicar General Abbé Lagarde, and the Curé of the Madeleine Abbé Deguerry. [35], Late on 18 March, when they learned that the regular army was leaving Paris, units of the National Guard moved quickly to take control of the city. They stopped when Dombrowski died two days later from wounds received on the barricades. Gustave Courbet was the most prominent artist to take part in the Commune, and was an enthusiastic participant and supporter, though he criticised its executions of suspected enemies. In the middle of the afternoon, Lecomte and the other officers were taken to 6 Rue des Rosiers by members of a group calling themselves The Committee of Vigilance of the 18th arrondissement, who demanded that they be tried and executed.[28]. With the commune in ruins, its proponents either dead or exiled, Thiers then proclaimed the birth of the French Republic, ending forever the attempts to re-establish the monarchy after it had originally been overthrown in the French Revolution. ", Deposition de M. le maréchal Mac-Mahon (28 August 1871) in Enquéte Parlementaire sur l'insurrection du 18 mars 1871 (Paris: Librarie Législative, 1872), p. 183, Pivot, Sylvain, "La Commune, les Communards, les ecrivains ou la haine et la gloire." One of the best-known candidates, Georges Clemenceau, received only 752 votes. [153], Revolutionary city council of Paris in 1871, This article is about the government of Paris in 1871. Reason Behind Paris Commune. Militants in the Paris Commune, the Revolutionary government of Paris set up by the capital’s 48 wards, or sections, gave the Legislative Assembly a deadline in which to suspend the king. [37] The event was labeled the Massacre in the Rue de la Paix. The Commune was eventually suppressed by the national French Army during La semaine sanglante ("The Bloody Week") beginning on 21 May 1871. A bitter battle took place between about 1,500 national guardsmen from the 13th arrondissement and the Mouffetard district, commanded by Walery Wroblewski, a Polish exile who had participated in the uprising against the Russians, against three brigades commanded by General de Cissey. Though their numbers were small, the Blanquists provided many of the most disciplined soldiers and several of the senior leaders of the Commune. By three o'clock, the demonstrators had been given safe passage and left, and the brief uprising was over. In France: Political tensions Militants in the Paris Commune, the Revolutionary government of Paris set up by the capital’s 48 wards, or sections, gave the Legislative Assembly a deadline in which to suspend the king. The telegraph line connecting Paris with the rest of France had been cut by the Germans on 27 September. His last reported words were: "Do they still say I was a traitor?"[72]. The abandonment of the fort led the Commune to dismiss Rossel, and replace him with Delescluze, a fervent Communard but a journalist with no military experience.[68]. The first effort to pull down the column failed, but at 5:30 in the afternoon the column broke from its base and shattered into three pieces. ... A Short History of the French Revolution (2014) excerpt; In French Some Communards wanted to appropriate the bank's reserves to fund social projects, but Jourde resisted, explaining that without the gold reserves the currency would collapse and all the money of the Commune would be worthless. [49] Joséphine Marchias, a washer woman, picked up a gun during the battles of May 22-23rd and said, "You cowardly crew! Archbishop Darboy and five other hostages were promptly taken out into the courtyard of the prison, lined up against the wall, and shot. The members adopted a dozen proposals, including an honorary presidency for Blanqui; the abolition of the death penalty; the abolition of military conscription; a proposal to send delegates to other cities to help launch communes there; and a resolution declaring that membership in the Paris Commune was incompatible with being a member of the National Assembly. Those arrested included General Edmond-Charles de Martimprey, the governor of the Invalides, alleged to have caused the assassination of revolutionaries in December 1851—as well as more recent commanders of the National Guard, including Gustave Cluseret. "[97] Several historians have accepted the 20,000 figure, among them Pierre Milza,[98] Alfred Cobban[99] and Benedict Anderson. Its editor Auguste Vacquerie was close to Victor Hugo, whose son wrote for the paper. [108] On 25 May, during the Bloody Week, he wrote: "A monstrous act; they've set fire to Paris. The atmosphere was tense, and in the middle of the afternoon, gunfire broke out between the two sides; each side blamed the other for firing first. British filmmaker Ken McMullen has made two films directly or indirectly influenced by the Commune: Moinak Biswas, Indian filmmaker and professor of, Gould, Roger V. "Multiple networks and mobilization in the Paris Commune, 1871. The guardsmen led by Paul Brunel, one of the original leaders of the Commune, took cans of oil and set fire to buildings near the Rue Royale and the Rue du Faubourg Saint-Honoré. They were also unaware that Marshal Patrice MacMahon, the future commander of the forces against the Commune, had just arrived at his home in Paris, having just been released from imprisonment in Germany. In the end, the Council had just 60 members. Jourde first obtained a loan from the Rothschild Bank, then paid the bills from the city account, which was soon exhausted. "It is no exaggeration," Lissagaray concluded, "to say twenty thousand, a number admitted by the officers. Vladimir Lenin wrote: "We are only dwarves perched on the shoulders of those giants." On 2 September 1870, France was defeated in the Franco-Prussian War, and Emperor Napoleon III was captured. "In his later years, the story of the Commune so gripped Morris's imagination that it provided the climax for his long poem, "The Pilgrims of Hope"... right of employees to take over an enterprise, Learn how and when to remove this template message, French legislative election, February 1871, right of employees to take over and run an enterprise, Women's Union for the Defence of Paris and Care of the Wounded, "Les aspects militaires de la Commune par le colonel Rol-Tanguy", "In the World-Shadow of Bismarck and Nobel", Correspondence between Gustave Flaubert and George Sand, The Paris Commune and the Idea of the State, Louise Michel, a French anarchist women who fought in the Paris commune, "La responsabilité de la presse dans la répression de la Commune de Paris", "No. [43] The winners were announced on 27 March, and a large ceremony and parade by the National Guard was held the next day in front of the Hôtel de Ville, decorated with red flags. Clemenceau, a friend of several revolutionaries, tried to negotiate a compromise; some cannons would remain in Paris and the rest go to the army. Secondly, he thought their "excessive magnanimity" had prevented them from "destroying" the class enemy. On the establishment of the Commune, she joined the National Guard. The most extreme revolutionaries in Paris were the followers of Louis Auguste Blanqui, a charismatic professional revolutionary who had spent most of his adult life in prison. Savage fighting followed around the tombs until nightfall, when the last 150 guardsmen, many of them wounded, were surrounded and surrendered. Dombrowski held this position until 23 May, when he was killed while defending the city barricades.[67]. It attempted to fulfil the more radical ideas of The longest-lasting commune outside Paris was that of Marseille, from 23 March to 4 April, which was suppressed with the loss of thirty soldiers and one hundred and fifty insurgents. Thiers is premeditated thoughtlessness. Genton was given a list of hostages and selected six names, including Georges Darboy, the Archbishop of Paris, and three priests. The defenders resisted until the night of 7–8 May, when the remaining national guardsmen in the fort, unable to withstand further attacks, decided to withdraw. See more » Georges Danton. They were marched in groups of 150 or 200, escorted by cavalrymen, to Versailles or the Camp de Satory, where they were held in extremely crowded and unsanitary conditions until they could be tried. Its exterminators, history has already nailed to that eternal pillory from which all of the prayers of their priest will not avail to redeem them."[117]. Each cell operated independently and was unaware of the members of the other groups, communicating only with their leaders by code. They passed by the line of forts outside the city, believing them to be occupied by national guardsmen. They were led by Adolphe Thiers, who was elected in 26 departments, the most of any candidate. At Jules Favre's request, Bismarck agreed not to disarm the National Guard, so that order could be maintained in the city. In the morning, the regular army captured La Roquette prison and freed the remaining 170 hostages. [122] However, photographs of the ruins of the Tuileries Palace, the Hotel de Ville, and other prominent government buildings that burned show that the exteriors were untouched by cannon fire, while the interiors were completely gutted by fire; and prominent Communards such as Jules Bergeret, who escaped to live in New York, proudly claimed credit for the most famous acts of arson. Most of the soldiers were prisoners of war who had just been released by the Germans, following the terms of the armistice. When the news reached Paris the next day, shocked and angry crowds came out into the streets. Bitter fighting followed, as MacMahon's army worked their way systematically forward to the walls of Paris. [130] A plaque and a church, Notre-Dame-des-Otages [fr] (Our Lady of the Hostages) on Rue Haxo mark the place where fifty hostages, including priests, gendarmes and four civilians, were shot by a firing squad.[131]. The National Guard still held parts of the 3rd arrondissment, from the Carreau du Temple to the Arts-et-Metiers, and the National Guard still had artillery at their strongpoints at the Buttes-Chaumont and Père-Lachaise, from which they continued to bombard the regular army forces along the Canal Saint-Martin. The Commune supporters were called Fédérés or Communards, which came in many different varieties including neo‐ Jacobins, who looked back to the original French Revolution with hopes of reenacting it. Those convicted by the jury would become "hostages of the people of Paris." Colonel Megy gave the order, and during the night of 29–30 April, most of the soldiers evacuated the fort and returned to Paris. That which we defend, that which we love, that which we admire, is Paris. [134] The city's plans to commemorate the Commune proved controversial, evoking protest from right-wing members of the city council.[135][133]. [25], On 17 March 1871, there was a meeting of Thiers and his cabinet, who were joined by Paris mayor Jules Ferry, National Guard commander General D'Aurelle de Paladines and General Joseph Vinoy, commander of the regular army units in Paris. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership, https://www.britannica.com/event/Commune-of-Paris-1792. The officers were pelted with rocks, struck, threatened, and insulted by the crowd. If the seizure of the cannon was not successful, the government would withdraw from the centre of Paris, build up its forces, and then attack with overwhelming force, as they had done during the uprising of June 1848. They had been engaged in a day-long artillery duel with the regular army. The first reaction of many of the National Guard was to find someone to blame, and Dombrowski was the first to be accused. At 5:00 in the afternoon, the National Guard had captured another important prisoner: General Jacques Leon Clément-Thomas. The attack was first launched on the morning of 2 April by five battalions who crossed the Seine at the Pont de Neuilly. "The municipal council of Paris," Lissagaray continued, "paid for the burial of seventeen thousand bodies; but a large number of persons were killed or cremated outside of Paris." Michel, the Central Committee of the army the commune french revolution 1,500 prisoners at the beginning of April, he was General! Artillery and rifle fire ; they broke ranks and join the crowd opened fire with! Secure their position, highlighting two errors in particular the repression s government was a pétroleuse ( female incendiary.. 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